What are the two primary domains of mitochondrial ATP synthase?

Mitochondrial ATP synthase is composed of two main components known as the F0 and F1 domains. The F0 domain is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane and serves as the proton channel, allowing protons to flow back into the mitochondrial matrix. This proton gradient is essential for driving ATP synthesis. The F1 domain is situated in the matrix and is responsible for the actual synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

The intricate functioning of ATP synthase relies on the interaction between these two domains. The movement of protons through the F0 domain causes conformational changes in the F1 domain, facilitating the enzymatic conversion of ADP to ATP. This dual structure highlights the complex nature of bioenergetics in mitochondria, emphasizing how energy is harnessed from electrochemical gradients to produce ATP, the primary energy currency of the cell.